Development and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge and Perception of Polypharmacy and Caregivers for Geriatric Patients (FORGIVER 19)

Authors

Rahmawati Rahmawati, Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, 90231, Indonesia
Tjokorde Istri Armina Padmasawitri, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
Pratiwi Wikaningtyas, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
I Ketut Adnyana, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, IndonesiaFollow

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate an instrument to measure pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions of polypharmacy and caregivers for the elderly.

Methods: This study was conducted on pharmacy students in Indonesia. The questionnaire items were developed based on a literature review, followed by a series of validation processes that included content validity using the Delphi method and face validity. Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis was used to validate the knowledge domain. The perception domain was validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

Results: The validation process resulted in a questionnaire consisting of three main sections: demographics, knowledge items, and perception items. Both content and face validity met the I-CVI and I-FVI criteria with values greater than 0.83 and 0.8, respectively. After applying Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis to the knowledge domain, all analyzed items fell within the difficulty index range of -3 to +3 and had acceptable discrimination indices. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was 0.75 for the perception domain, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant for both domains (P < 0.001). Factor analysis yielded two factors with loading factors greater than 0.4. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that these two factors were a good fit. Cronbach’s α coefficients for all sections demonstrated acceptable values, which were greater than 0.7.

Conclusion: The questionnaire is valid in terms of content and readability. Psychometric analysis showed that the items met the criteria for item difficulty and item discrimination. The internal consistency calculations demonstrated high reliability, with a strong correlation between the two factors and each item. This questionnaire is valid and reliable, making it useful for assessing pharmacy students' knowledge and perceptions of polypharmacy and caregivers for the elderly.

Recommended Citation

Rahmawati, Rahmawati; Padmasawitri, Tjokorde Istri Armina; Wikaningtyas, Pratiwi; and Adnyana, I Ketut (2025) "Development and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Pharmacy Students’ Knowledge and Perception of Polypharmacy and Caregivers for Geriatric Patients (FORGIVER 19)," Health Professions Education: Vol. 11: Iss. 3, Article 3.
DOI: 10.55890/2452-3011.1344
Available at: https://hpe.researchcommons.org/journal/vol11/iss3/3